Relevance. The transformation of the geopolitical space of Northern Eurasia – the emergence of a polycentric world order, the reconfiguration of integration, economic and humanitarian ties, sanctions pressure, the intensification of migration flows and accelerated digitalization – is substantially changing the conditions for ensuring the social security of Russian society and of the neighbouring societies of the macro-region. Geopolitical shifts are no longer a subject of purely international political analysis: they penetrate people's everyday lives, transforming labour markets, migration strategies, identity structures, communication channels and the level of social trust. Scientific problem. The categorical apparatus of the theory of social security was formed predominantly within a nation-state analytical framework and insufficiently takes into account, first, the macro-regional (Eurasian) dimension of social risks and threats and, second, digitalization as a cross-cutting factor restructuring both the geopolitical space itself and the content of social security. Methods. The study employs theoretical analysis and synthesis, comparative analysis of scientific approaches, institutional and systems analysis; the study is interdisciplinary and relies on the principles of the sociology of management, the theory of regional security complexes, the sociology of space and the risk-society tradition. Research results. Seven complementary approaches to the category of security are systematized (socio-philosophical, sociological, institutional-political, legal, economic, socio-psychological and informational-managerial) and their analytical potential for studying macro-regional transformations is demonstrated; the evolution of the Russian tradition of social security from a protective paradigm to a paradigm of proactive risk management is traced; Northern Eurasia is substantiated as a regional complex of social security linked by common infrastructure, migration and communication interdependencies; an integrative multi-level analytical framework for the sociological analysis of the social security of the macro-region is proposed, together with a procedure for its sociological operationalization and a system of empirical indicators for each level of analysis. Conclusions. The sociological perspective makes it possible to translate the analysis of geopolitical transformations from the language of inter-state relations into the language of social institutions, risks, solidarity, trust and managerial practices; the proposed framework can serve as a theoretical and methodological basis for empirical research on social security in Northern Eurasia and for the development of social technologies for managing it under digitalization.