The article is devoted to the analysis of the relationship between the birth rate and the poverty rate of the population in the regions of the Siberian Federal District (SFD), with an emphasis on the Republic of Tuva. The purpose of the study was to identify statistical links between the birth rate and the proportion of residents living below the poverty line. The object of the study was the demographic situation in the regions of the Siberian Federal District (hereinafter referred to as the Siberian Federal District), the subject was the ratio of demographic and socio-economic indicators. The empirical database is based on Rosstat data for 2010-2023. In the theoretical part, the main concepts explaining the influence of economic factors on fertility are considered: from the theory of deprivation to regional studies that take into account ethnocultural specifics. The contradictory conclusions in the modern scientific literature are shown, especially on the role of income and poverty as factors of childbearing. Special attention is paid to the specifics of Tuva as a region with high fertility and poverty rates. The research methodology includes correlation and regression analysis for two variables: the total fertility rate (number of children per woman) and the population with monetary incomes below the poverty line/subsistence level. According to the results, a statistically significant positive relationship was found between the proportion of the poor population and fertility. Even in regions with average poverty rates, the link between fertility and poverty is stronger than in regions with a large proportion of the poor. The conclusions emphasize the need for regional adaptation of demographic measures and focus on the potential of poor households as a demographic resource. The work can be useful for improving social and demographic policy in socially heterogeneous regions of Russia.