Relevance. In today's environment, traditional models of population reproduction management are proving ineffective, necessitating the development of new approaches that take into account regional specifics and integrate modern technologies. Analyzing reproduction mechanisms in a social environment with dynamically changing biotechnical conditions is essential for developing balanced strategies for sustainable rural development. This work contributes to improving the effectiveness of social policy and strengthening the region's demographic resilience in the face of modern challenges. The study utilizes concepts of social communities and associations, viewing rural communities as free associations of citizens with collective agency. Concepts of rural everyday discourse and the subcultural diversity of the Russian countryside are also applied to reflect the specific nature of modern rural communities. The concept of socio-ecological metabolism allows for the analysis of the interaction of rural communities with the environment as a nonequilibrium process of hybrid socio-biotechnical systems. An important theoretical foundation is the concept of globalization, which reveals the integration of territorial systems into global processes while preserving local identity. The research problem is defined by the contradiction between the need to effectively regulate demographic processes in rural communities, at least to minimize negative trends; more broadly, to create a system of triggers for the transition to expanded population reproduction, its improvement and consolidation; and the presence of a complex of objective and subjective factors hindering the solution of this problem. Research results. Today, the Central Black Earth Economic Region is facing critical demographic trends: declining birth rates, rising mortality rates, urban migration, an aging population, and deteriorating health of rural residents. These factors negatively impact the social structure and economic potential of rural communities. Given the deficit of natural, biological, socio-demographic, and technological resources in rural areas, there is an urgent need to develop effective demographic management models and social technologies capable of initiating positive changes. At the same time, it is important to balance external regulation with internal mechanisms of self-regulation in rural communities. The article substantiates the need for a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach combining social, biological and technological resources to create a system of self-regulation and sustainable development of rural areas.