Increased conflict proneness contributes to profound changes in the socio-political stratification and structure of society. Islamist movements are a political phenomenon that should be analyzed similarly to other political phenomena, and the Islamic fundamentalism should be examined as a consequence of social conflicts. As a result of the coexistence of the modernization-directed and traditional attitudes, expressed in the emergence of „new Salafi and Sunni identities“, modifications take place among the second/third-generation of Muslims. The aim is to justify the need to monitor the „new identities“ in Islam and social conflicts as a prerequisite for radicalization and extremism and to develop methodological tools for analysis and prevention of the Islamic radicalism and extremism in support of governmental institutions and policies. The research approach assumes that the stability of a social system is seen as a temporary balance of powers, and a conflict plays the role of a mechanism affecting this balance and turning it to a new state of equilibrium and a new balance of the powers. A phenomenological approach and Social Movement Theories have been applied to issues related to the Islamic activism, social movements and the radicalized form of religion reduced to a religious ideology. In conclusion, the need to predict the trends for the formation of a new religious and political situation in order to transfer new knowledge to promote the development of social sciences for the benefit of society is outlined.