MIGRATION PROCESSES AND DEMOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE IN THE EASTERN BORDERLANDS OF THE SERBIA

. Throughout the 20 th century until today, Serbian society has been faced with the consequences of the lack of the development policy that would create a context of equal conditions for stronger economic, social and cultural development of different regions of the Republic of Serbia. Some of the effects of such a development policy at the beginning of the 21 st century are strong migration processes that «drain» the young working population, particularly from the eastern borderlands, from the country. Migrations «associated» with decades of low birth rates trend lead to the quiet disappearance of the population in border municipalities such as Kladovo and the culture they are holding. The paper highlights the importance of creating a development policy that would rehabilitate the consequences of decades of regional disparities in the development of Serbia. The creators of the so-called contemporary Serbian society, if they intend to offer sustainable strategies, in addition to economic, social, cultural, ecological and other discourse, must include the demographic one. Each of these discourses has its important role in the overall development of the society. However, the unfavorable demographic structure can stop it. The paper used the analytical-descriptive method.


Introduction
The movement and the development of a population are influenced by the following factors: (a) natural movement and population renewal i.e. natural growth, and (b) migrations (immigrations and emigrations). Term migration means the spatial mobility of the population. Migration (lat. migratio) relates to movement, trek. Traditionally, the term referred to the emigration, and today to long-term work and stay in the countries more developed than the country of origin of migrants. United Nations consider migrations as the forms of spatial mobility between two geographical locations, as a permanent change of residence, while in the local professional and scientific literature, migration indicates any change of residence, regardless of the duration and distance. It is believed that every act of free migration is the result of individual decisions that form two large groups of factors: (1) pull factors which include better employment opportunities, the possibility of gaining higher wages, benefits provided by the environment and living conditions, the lure of new or different activities etc. (2) push factors which include declining of natural resources or their prices, job loss, repressive discriminatory treatment, alienation from the community, etc. [1].
Migration movements occur due to the geographical imbalances in the distribution of natural resources, physical and human capital, institutions, traditions and cultural conditions which cause an uneven pace of economic development; the movement of people is also encouraged by the movement of capital and services, or their concentration in a certain area [2]. Migrations may vary based on different criteria: according to the criterion of state borders we differ external and internal migration; according to the criterion of time we differ final and temporary migration; according to the cause we differ economic and non-economic migrations; according to the willingness we differ voluntary and involuntary migration, etc.
About external migration we can speak from different perspectives; however, here we will mention two with positive connotations: (a) the perspective of migrants themselves who benefit in social and economic terms -earn more, their quality of life has improved; (b) the perspective of the country of origin of migrants -migrants bring foreign currency remittances and reduce unemployment, and to make these effects long-term, government activity in premigration, migration and post-migration phase is essential [3].
Migration has a huge impact on the demographic, social and economic structure of the country of origin of migrants: migrants are leaving their jobs, property, state (are in need of permanent abandonment of the country of origin), and consciously develop a life strategy with a better perspective by investing their own resources, and using the provided business opportunities they enhance their material position. The realization of a personal dream of migrants, from the standpoint of the country of origin of migrants, signifies a loss of human resources, the creative potential of newly created values, taxes ... Countries of origin of migrants, such as Serbia, which, in large waves in recent history since the seventies of the last century, has been abandoned by large groups of young, fertile, economically active population, go through different stages of demographic transition. Its outcomes are depopulation, lower birth rates, aging of the population. These negative demographic processes cause a series of negative economic effects and reduce the capacity of the total society to «conquer» the civilizationally reached quality of life.
Decades-long uneven economic development as a result of asymmetric development policy of the Serbian society that provided Belgrade and municipalities in the north of the country with a stronger economic growth has led to the overall social and economic backwardness of border municipalities in the southeast and east. Borderland eastern and southeastern Serbia municipalities are not recognized as potentials in post-development strategies: existing development resources are destroyed (agricultural, industrial, tourist) and, at the same time, there has been no new investment -Borderlands have become synonymous with the periphery. Periphery that is becoming poorer, and with the outflow of the population. Economically stronger centers attract the active working population from the eastern border municipalities such as Kladovo (so called Ključ region). Despite the policy of European and other developed countries towards

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СОЦИОЛОГИЯ И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ SOCIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT migrants, and especially asylum seekers, which is oriented towards programs for readmission due to the attitude of the local population, the rise in xenophobia, changes in the labor marketthe population that migrates from Ključ region has developed a special «immigration policy». With the first wave of migrants, after the initial phase of their integration into the labor market, the dependent mobility of their relatives and partners has led to the expansion of migrant families i.e. to the reunification of families. The second and third generation of migrants, born and brought up in the new sociocultural environment, often does not feel the connection with the homeland of their parents and ancestors. It builds its identity on the acceptance of values and belonging to socio-cultural milieus of the «new» homeland, thus making the return to the country of origin almost impossible. Migration processes, associated with a variety of other demographic processes, lead to the disappearance of Kladovo population: the names of settlements in which lonely houses await their owners foreign workers stretch along the Danube coast. The houses are large and made of expensive material, luxurious, however without people.

Method
The subject of this paper is to study migration and demographic structure of the population in the eastern municipality border of the Republic of Serbia, Kladovo.
The aim of the research is to determine (a) whether there are migratory movements of Kladovo population, (b) the basic characteristics of the demographic structure of the population in the eastern border municipality of Kladovo.
The tasks of the research are: (1) To determine the presence and the main characteristics of migration processes in the municipality of Kladovo, (2) to provide an insight into the statistics that follows the changes in the number of the total population, their distribution by settlements and numerical relationship among different age groups of the population.
Main hypothesis: A large percentage of the population in the municipality of Kladovo participates in the so-called external migration flows, crosses the border in search of «a better life».
Specific hypothesis: In the municipality of Kladovo, the total population is dominated by aging population.
The paper used the analysis of secondary structure (data obtained by regular censuses, reference literature dealing with migrations and demographic structure), as well as a descriptive method.

Migration processes in the municipality of Kladovo
The municipality of Kladovo is the «last point» in the east towards Romania. This border area or «peripheral system laid to the border» [4] is a separate physical-geographical and functional territorial integrity, which has a specific economic, cultural but also strategic importance. The border region of the municipality of Kladovo is located in Bor District, consisting of 23 settlements and 6 villages, of which 18 settlements are located along the coast of the Danube. Although the border one, this area is characterized by a high degree of ethnic homogeneity: in the total population there are over 89,9% (17 673), of Serbs, but there are also features of multi-ethnicity primarily due to the presence of Vlachs (788) in the total population and in a much lower percentage the presence of other ethnicities -Romanians (156), Roma (36) and others. Ordinary people living in Kladovo region live in the same way, regardless of ethnicity: a lifestyle that is imposed by an economically deprived area and an area struggling with disastrous consequences of aging and depopulation [6].
In the municipality of Kladovo there is the small town (urban settlement) of Kladovo, which is one of the older cities in the Danube region. According to historical sources, the emergence of the village is connected to the civil war camp built by the Romans on the Danube border, called Zanes. Later, at its foundation, the Slavs built a settlement Novi Grad, only to have its Slovenian population suppressed by Kladovo is a small town on the bank of the Danube, which does not offer its residents great opportunities; visitors from other areas are a sporadic occurrence and but for the various national teams (volleyball, athletes) that perform part of the sports preparations hereit would be a forgotten border town. Formerly, in the time of Yugoslavia, there was a large shipyard, which has since the introduction of sanctions by the United Nations at the beginning of the nineties stagnated bringing to a halt of the economic and social development throughout Kladovo border area (today this industrial complex is foreign-owned, Romanian, and is a part of the continent Rhein Donau Yard). In the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, to the construction of hydropower plant «Đerdap» in the socialist period of development, Kladovo was also known for world famous Kladovo caviar, which was prepared according to the old «recipe» that was brought to this area by a Russian family fled after the October Revolution. Sturgeons no longer spawn in coast of Kladovo, Kladovo caviar has no longer been served in European restaurants, hydropower plants sank old habits and customs, and economic trends in the Serbian society in recent decades have spilled over young economically active population outside the borders of the municipality of Kladovo abroadto developed Western European societies.
According to the census of population, households and dwellings in the Republic of Serbia in 2011 and preliminary first results, in the Bor District, where Kladovo municipality is located, a constantly present downward trend in the total population is noticeable. In the period between the two censuses (2002-2011) in the Bor District, there was an absolute decline in the number of inhabitants by 22 703 inhabitants. Kladovo municipality has also recorded a decline in the population by 2 978 inhabitants (see Table 1).  (Table 2).   1948, 1953.1961, 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2002. Data by settlements. Belgrade: Republic Institute for Statistics, 2004. According to the data in Table 2, the population was the highest in the period between 1961 and 1981, i.e. during the period when hydroelectric power plant «Djerdap» was being built and when the shipyard was at full capacity. In the period between 1991 and 2011 there was a significant decrease in the percentage of the total population in the municipality of Kladovo from 26,714 people who lived in Kladovo in 1991, over 23,613 people who lived in this area in 2002, we came to a figure of 20 635 inhabitants [8] living in the municipality of Kladovo today.
Data from the 2011 Census show, both for the town of Kladovo and villages in the municipality of Kladovo, that a large number of residents is affected by external migratory movements: there is a big difference between the total number of listed people and the total population in these areas.
The population of 23 Kladovo settlement is distributed as follows: (1) in the main town of Kladovo there is a total of 9423 listed people, the total population is 8913, with 486 people abroad; (2) in the settlement of Brza palanka, a total number of listed people is 1613, in this town there are 855 inhabitants with 746 people abroad; (3) in the village of Vajuga, the total number of listed people was 639, the total population is 422, with 214 people abroad; (4) in the village of Velesnica, the total number of listed people was 450, the total population is 215, with 235 people abroad; (5) in the village of Velika Vrbica a total number of listed people is 1248, the total population is 836, with 412 people abroad; (6) in the village of Velika Kamenica a total number of listed people is 1211, the total population is 552, with 658 people abroad; (7) in the village of Grabovica, the total number of listed people is 1460, the total population is 709 inhabitants with 748 people abroad; (8)  Aging is in the entire territory of the Republic conditioned by the tendency of secondary birthrate declining, provided that the differences in the performance of the process at its narrower territorial units are owed to the differential fertility and mortality in specific groups [11], and in the territory of the eastern borderlands also to the strong impact of the so-called external migrations.
The negative consequences of the so-called new demographic mode (negative natural growth, decades-long low fertility, population aging) have long been present in Ključ region and more driven by long-present migration waves. The problem of the population drain of this area, however, has not alerted the local community and the whole society to a kind of «emergency». This problem is not spoken of, and the ways to overcome it are not being searched for. If it has the intent to act systematically on the change of the current demographic situation, the state should determine incentives, population policies in many areas relevant to the reproduction of the population.

СОЦИОЛОГИЯ И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ SOCIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
Namely: measures in the system of social care of children, measures for reconciling work and parenting, measures to protect and employ unemployed people, measures of health care for the mother and child, measures in the field of social protection, pension and disability insurance and tax policies, measures in the field of family planning. It seems that it is necessary to apply a differentiated approach in details of the realization of the population policy with regard to the diversity of the demographic situation in the region, such as necessary social support and constant development of the population [12].

Conclusion
The nature of demographic processes in Serbia leads to the conclusion that the problems of demographic development are complex and dramatic, and their other characteristic is that they are long lasting. The existing model of reproduction and migratory movements of the population is affected by a variety of causes that come from the social, economic and cultural context and requires serious action by government and local government regarding the adoption and implementation of measures of the overall development policy. However, in an effort to meet the preconditions for the realization of the neoliberal projection of socioeconomic development of the Republic in which profit is above all and above everyonethe problem of demographic development is completely marginalized. New political elites, just like those in the near and distant past, do not create a development policy that is appropriate to the seriousness of the demographic problem: strategic objectives in addressing the issue of population (demographic processes and migration) have not been set, thus the solutions, actions and measures for their realization are absent.